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What is goal setting and how it affects performance?
Goal setting is a process intended to
increase efficiency and effectiveness by specifying the desired outcomes toward
which individuals, departments, teams, and organizations should work. The
goal-setting model developed emphasizes the challenges provided for the
individual: goal difficulty, goal clarity, and self-efficacy.
Setting difficult
but clear and achievable goals for individuals who believe that they have the
ability to complete their tasks leads to high performance. Four
moderators—ability, goal commitment, feedback, and task complexity—influence
the strength of the relationship between challenging goals and performance. If
the individual has the ability, is committed to the goal, and is given feedback
on progress toward achievement of the goal—and if the task is complex—high
performance will result.
All four moderators must be present to motivate a
person to achieve goals. Four mediators—direction, effort, persistence, and
task strategy—facilitate goal attainment. That is, these four characteristics
channel or focus the person’s motivational efforts. Performance, rewards,
satisfaction, and consequences complete the model.
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